Publications

Behaviorally informed “nudges” are widely used in government outreach but are often seen as too modest to address poverty at scale. In four field experiments over 2 y (n = 542,804 low-income households), we test whether more proactive communication, varying message framing, and more precise targeting can boost take-up of tax-based benefits in California above and beyond traditional light-touch approaches. Our interventions focused on extremely vulnerable households, most with no prior-year earnings, who were at risk of missing out on two crucial benefits: the 2021 expanded Child Tax Credit and pandemic-relief Economic Impact Payments. Light-touch outreach consistently increased take-up of these benefits by 0.14 to 2 percentage points—a 150% to over 500% relative increase—regardless of message, sample, timing, or modality. These light-touch approaches resulted in over $4 million disbursed, with a highly cost-effective return of $50 to over $8,000 per $1 spent. However, higher-touch proactive outreach, varying messaging, and more precise targeting yielded minimal additional benefits, with proactive outreach even showing negative returns. These findings demonstrate that light-touch outreach can effectively shift behavior among very vulnerable households in contexts with reduced compliance burdens, but also underscore an urgent need to rethink the role of higher-touch strategies in closing take-up gaps in social safety net programs.

Governments face significant challenges in attracting and retaining younger talent, leading to a workforce increasingly skewed towards older employees. This study examines the impact of public sector fellowship programs as alternative pathways into government roles for early career professionals. Leveraging data from 17 cohorts of applicants across four US fellowship programs over 19 years (N = 2141; 31,153 individual-year observations), we employ a staggered difference-in-differences approach to compare the career trajectories of fellows and similarly motivated finalists. We find that fellowship participants are 30 percentage points more likely to pursue government careers, with a significant employment effect persisting up to 8 years after the launch of the fellowship. These findings suggest that scholarship can look beyond motivation-based theories of who enters and stays in government to better understand how to bring new and different people into the public sector.